Nowadays, researches are faced with large volumes of data. Since a considerable amount of them are unstructured, they cannot be processed naturally. Hence two main challenges in this field are high dimensional of features space and bulk of available data. In this research, a feature Selection method based on target features is propose to handle the curse of dimensionality. Moreover, to address the huge volume of data some of Prototype Selection approaches are utilized. The proposed method in this paper has three essential steps that each step improves the previous ones. Although, the proposed method reached significant results in each phase separately, its best performance obtained via the last phase in terms of classification accuracy rate. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, it has been compared with three-layer algorithm. The results revealed that the proposed method had significantly better results than the three-layer algorithm in average.

With a largeamount of multimedia content in the web, storage and retrieval of them by classical learning methods dealt with some major challenges like memory restriction. These limitations in some of learning algorithms like SVM and ANN is so serious that these algorithms cannot be employed in large-scale learning context. Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) algorithm is one of the powerful methods in machine learning. Learning phase of this method is based on constructing kernel matrix of labeled instances and calculating inverse of it. So, employing this method in large scale learning context with a lot of labeled instances is not feasible. In this research to overcome limitation of employing the KELM in large-scale multi-label learning, a new approach is proposed. The proposed approach is based on Prototype Selection in neighborhood of each training instance. By using the proposed approach, the size of training set is reduced. So, classical learning methods can be applied on reduced training set. Since multimedia contents are basically multi-label, the proposed Prototype Selection approach is based on multi-label domains like automatic image annotation. Experimental results on NUS-WIDE large-scale multi-label image set and three other versions include Object, Scene and Lite indicated the effectiveness of the proposed approach in solving the limitation of employing KELM method in large-scale multi-label learning.

Metonymy is one the most important literary devices in literature, and it has been widely studied with metaphor in literary studies and linguistics. Typically, metonymy has been regarded as a figurative meaning of a word versus its lexical meaning. However, it could be found that metonymy exists in every language for daily communication, and its usage is not limited to the literature. So, it plays an important role in any language which is mostly formed out of a reduction on syntagmatic paradigm. The widespread usage of metonymy enriches a language, and it adds to its coherence. In this paper, with a brief review of literature on metonymy studies, and the different issues for its definition, a new definition of genuine metonymy is suggested with a new term of Prototype metonymy which has a kind of influence on the audience whether in literary usage or everyday language. Based on the hypothesis of this paper each reduction on the syntagmatic axis is not a metonymy unless it influences the audience in some way, and if it motivates a kind of affective response. Indeed the Prototype metonym will be suggested as genuine, and a cline will be claimed to conclude the discussion.

The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and definition of romantic missing from Prototype perspective. In the first Study, Iranian young participants (age 18 to 33) generate features of missing a partner. In the second Study, another group of participants (age 18 to 33) rated the centrality of features gathered in the first Study. In the third Study, the most 20 central features generating the Prototype of romantic missing was given to tow groups of participant (age 18 to 33), couples in long distance relationship (LDR) and couples in close relationship (CR). Results of exploratory factor analysis on the third study data supported three factors for the romantic missing Prototype which are: desire for communicating and being together, imagining and thinking and feeling sad and separated. Two groups of LDR and CR were compared by the use of independent T-test and differences in total missing score and also each three factors score were significant for these two groups. A Prototype measure of "romantic missing" offered to assess the extent to which partners experience romantic missing during interpersonal separation (N=20, a=0.921, M=102.65, SD=22.82).

The Prototype is one of the most important tools in design criteria. Some experiences show that prototyping can do the critical role in design process but the functions of this tool missed in amateur`s design projects. There are deep studies about Prototype and it`s functions but it seems the leakage of knowledge yet. As a description, every physical presentation of the solution is a Prototype. Without any attention to the quality of a Prototype, this tool can use in a lot of ranges and levels of fidelities. This potential makes a wide range of possibilities for Prototype use in product design. This study focused on Prototype functions in a real product design project in med design criteria. The purpose was describing of different aspects of prototyping with level by level study of Prototypes uses. The designing of an ECG was the case study issues. ECG is a device for understanding of any arrhythmia in heart rate with printing ability of these arrhythmias. Some Iranian companies can manufacture this product but this case had most professional technologies compared to rivals. Different types of Prototypes had used in product design steps. The Prototype of earlier step made from real parts of product and different assembling of those together. This level of prototyping caused faster decision making and select an appropriate combination of product parts. Communication through this representation and finding a common language was very easier than speaking about what should be happened in this project. The second step of prototyping made from a part of polystyrene foam. This Prototype tried to break the false idea to leave the fixation that acquired in the design process. After this step, the employer left the early form of product and design team start a different combination of parts through a new metaphor of form. The two Prototypes of next level had different tasks. One of them was a paper Prototype of a suggested interface of some pages of product software and the other Prototype was a low fidelity Prototype of product body that made by CNC machining. The purpose of these Prototypes was presenting of main solutions and core idea without any details to get some feedback from users. After this step and got feedbacks about the concept, detail design, and some reforms don. The final Prototype made by rapid prototyping methods and after assembling of parts, this Prototype tested with users. This step of prototyping as high fidelity sample shown well feedbacks and got the positive response from users and employee. Discussions about this process revealed some results as, the using of a Prototype in every when of design project has good results, the purposes of Prototypes are different, the fidelity of Prototypes are related to their goals, Prototype can use as a media, Prototypes break fixations, and creation of Prototypes is an iterative process. The future studies can study more local projects to find other aspects of prototyping in the design process. We suggest to using of results of same studies in Industrial design curriculum modification.

Introduction: Considering increasing sexual risk behaviors such as lack of using condoms and having several sexual partners, identifying factors affecting on it can be useful in the design of preventive interventions for health educators. The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive-emotional determinants of high-risk behaviors among young people using Prototype/Willingness (P/W) Model.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, non-random sampling was employed to enroll 400 aged 18 to 28 referring to public places. A valid and reliable instrument based on P/W structures wad applied to measure cognitive factors.Results: The results showed that sexual risk behaviors at males (62.7%) are more than females (37.3%). Between sexual risk behaviors and self-control (p<0.001) was found a significant association. Among the P/W theoretical variables, intention (p<0.001) and social norms (p>0.05) were significant and direct predictors of sexual risk behavior in females. None of P/W structures was not significant predictors of sexual risk behaviors in males (p>0.05). In male, the previous experiences of sexual risk behaviors was significant at formation of the Prototype (p=0.039) and Prototype, also, in creating positive willingness toward risky sexual behaviors (p=0.004). In addition, at males, attitude toward behavior was significantly associated with behavioral intention (p<0.001), behavioral tendencies (p<0.001) and social norms (p<0.001).Conclusion: According to the findings, subjective norms and intention are the most important influential factors on sexual risk behaviors in females. In males, as well as, previous experiences play an important role in the formation of Prototype and their willingness toward sexual risk behaviors.

This paper proposes an innovative band Selection method based on fuzzy clustering of bands for hyperspectral images.The main novelties of this research lie in two issues: i) bands representation in a new space called Prototype space (PS) where bands take characteristic vector in terms of class reflectivity (where bands' feature vectors are defined in terms of class reflectivity), and ii) using uncertainty and angle measures to distinguish highly correlated and informative channels. Having clustered channels by Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering in PS, the highly correlated bands fall in a cluster by uncertainty measure, then a nearest band to the cluster center is discerned as representative of those bands. Moreover uncertain bands as isolated bands are separated in PS where among isolated bands the bands that have large angle with diagonal of PS are indicated as informative channels. Since finding representative and informative bands depends on random initialization of FCM clustering, the bands clustering algorithm conducted many times. Accordingly, the proper bands are selected by maximizing overall accuracy of validation data set. Benchmarking on the challenging hyperspectral data set demonstrated relative merit of proposed method respect to the conventional band Selection methods like sequential forward floating and sequential backward floating band Selection.